Manejo agudo de la intoxicación medicamentosa / Acute management of drug intoxication

Resumen Las intoxicaciones o las sobredosis de drogas constituyen una fuente importante de morbilidad, mortalidad y gasto en salud en todo el mundo. Especialmente en adultos menores de 35 años, las intoxicaciones vienen a ser la principal causa de paro cardíaco no traumático, siendofármacos más comunes involucrados, analgésicos, antidepresivos, opioides, sin embargo, esto puede variar. Es importante realizar un abordaje rápido, con base en interrogatorio, información de cualquier testigo y evidencia, además la clínica del paciente. El paro cardíaco debido a toxicidad se maneja de acuerdo conlos estándares actuales de reanimación cardiopulmonar básica y avanzada, siguiendo los principios del A, B, C, D, E. Las manifestaciones clínicas y abordaje clínico pueden variar bastante dependiendo de la sustancia involucrada. Las pruebas de laboratorio casi nunca están disponibles en un marco de tiempo que respalde las decisiones de reanimación tempranas, aún así, es recomendable realizarlas. En general los efectos tóxicos pueden reducirse si se limita la absorción del o los fármacos o se aumenta su eliminación. Además, se puede bloquear efectos farmacológicos no deseados con los llamados antídotos. El uso del carbón activado, algunos antídotos específicos, y tratamientos extracorpóreos también se contemplan en la presente revisión.

Abstract Poisoning or drug overdose is a major source of morbidity, mortality and health expenditure worldwide, especially in adults under 35, where it is the leading cause of non-traumatic cardiac arrest, being more common drugs involved, analgesics, antidepressants, opioids, however, this may vary. It is important to make a quick approach, based on questioning, information from any witness and evidence, and the patient's clinic. Cardiac arrest due to toxicity is managed according to current Basic and Advanced life support standards, following the principles of A, B, C, D, E. Clinical manifestations and clinical approach can vary considerably depending on the substance involved. Laboratory tests are almost never available in a time frame that supports early resuscitation decisions, yet it is advisable to perform them. In general, the toxic effects can be reduced if the absorption of the drugs is limited or their elimination increased. In addition, you can block unwanted pharmacological effects with so-called antidotes. The use of activated charcoal, specific antidotes, and extracorporeal treatments are also covered in this review.

Medical Behavior in Cardiorespiratory Arrest before and After Simulation Based on Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) Course

Abstract Background: The Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) course is designed to teach cardiovascular emergency, aiming to promote a harmonious and synchronized work of the entire hospital team, making the multidisciplinary job more effective in the execution of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Objective: To compare the effectiveness of CPR performed between physicians trained on ACLS and non-trained physicians. Methods: A questionnaire was applied to physicians working at the emergency room of hospitals in Curitiba, state of Paraná, whose resolution required theoretical and practical knowledge about CPR. For analysis, descriptive statistics and Fisher's association analysis were used, and the medians of the groups were evaluated by Mann-Whitney/Kruskal-Wallis with significance of 5%. Results: Thirty-four physicians were volunteers, of whom 20 had taken the ACLS course (Group A) and 14 had not (Group B). The trained physicians obtained the highest median (4.00 vs. 3.00, p = 0.06) of correct answers. Group A scored at least 3 of the 5 questions in the questionnaire, showing better performance than Group B (OR = 6.75, 95% CI, 1.1 < OR < 41.0, p = 0.04). The year of the course did not significantly change the performance in the questionnaire. Conclusion: It is suggested that the ACLS course was effective in qualifying physicians to handle situations of cardiorespiratory arrest properly, which was reproduced by the better performance in the resolution of the questionnaire. It is believed that when the sample of volunteers is increased, the trends found materialize the other hypotheses proposed.

Benefits of using an endotracheal tube introducer as an adjunct to a Macintosh laryngoscope for endotracheal intubation performed by inexperienced doctors during mechanical CPR / 世界急诊医学杂志（英文）

@#Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival rates vary between 7% and 46% and are lower than those for in-hospital; cardiac arrests (IHCA).[1,2] Therefore, efforts are being made to increase survival rates for out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA). According to advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) guidelines, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival rates may be increased by performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) with minimal interruptions.[3] According to the latest ACLS, does the patient need an advanced airway? If yes, use the airway that is appropriate to your skill level: King Airway System™, LMA, Combitube™, or endotracheal intubation. However, endotracheal intubation together with continuous CPR will be the basis of a permanent and safe airline management to prevent risk of aspiration, and in respiratory-induced OHCA administration as well as IHCA during long-term procedures such as percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA).[3]

Guía para la enseñanza del apoyo vital prehospitalario. Consenso para el proyecto de formación e investigación en apoyo vital. Cienfuegos, 2018 / Guideline for teaching pre-hospital life support. Consensus for the project of training and research in life support. Cienfuegos 2018

Fundamento: En el escenario prehospitalario la mortalidad por emergencias médicas es alta, principalmente cuando los episodios se producen antes del arribo al sistema de salud. El personal de salud debe estar entrenado para enfrentar estas emergencias en ese contexto. El proyecto para la formación e investigación en apoyo vital en emergencias y desastres puede ser un marco académico para lograrlo.Objetivo: actualizar para el proyecto, las guías y estrategia docente para la enseñanza del apoyo vital ante emergencias en el ámbito prehospitalario.Métodos: se desarrolló un Taller nacional con ocho expertos y seis informantes clave, los días 10 y 11 de julio del 2018, en Cienfuegos. Además de la revisión documental, fueron aplicadas la técnica de tormenta de ideas, la de grupo nominal y el cuestionario semiestructurado.Desarrollo: los elementos propuestos para la enseñanza del apoyo vital prehospitalario, tanto en el pregrado como el posgrado, fueron los siguientes: objetivos, aspectos didácticos, estrategia docente, contenidos, alcance, habilidades a desarrollar, futuras investigaciones y áreas para la colaboración interinstitucional. Se definió la estructura de un curso prototipo para la enseñanza del tema y las principales consideraciones para su ejecución.Conclusión: las propuestas académicas para el curso Apoyo vital prehospitalario contienen los elementos básicos para la preparación de los profesionales y estudiantes de la salud para brindar asistencia médica en el escenario einstituciones del nivel primario de atención.

Foundation: In the pre hospital scenario mortality due to emergencies is high, mainly because episodes are produced before arriving to the health system. Health personnel should be trained for facing these emergencies in this context. The project for training and researching in life support in emergencies and disasters nay be an academic framework to achieve it.Objective: to update the Project, guidelines and teaching strategy for training life support before emergencies in pre hospital emergencies.Method: qualitative study which had as a starting point the development of a National Workshop with 8 experts and 6 key informers, on July 10th and 11th in Cienfuegos. Besides documentary review, there were applied the techniques of brainstorming, nominal group, semi structured questionnaire.Results: the elements proposed for teaching pre-hospital life support, in under graduate and postgraduate courses were the following: objectives, didactical elements, teaching strategy, content, scope, skills to be developed, future research and areas of inter institutional collaboration. It was defined that the structure of a course model for teaching the topic and the main considerations for its execution.Conclusion: academic proposals for life support contain basic elements for training health professionals and students to provide medical assistance at site and in institutions of firs level of health.

Guía para la enseñanza del apoyo vital pediátrico y neonatal. Consenso para el proyecto de formación e investigación en apoyo vital. Cienfuegos, 2018 / Guideline for pediatric and neonatal life support. Consensus for the project of training and research in life support. Cienfuegos, 2018

Fundamento: La parada cardiorespiratoria en el niño es considerada un problema de salud. El determinante más importante para la supervivencia es la presencia del individuo entrenado para efectuar las maniobras de reanimación cardiopulmocerebral. En el marco del proyecto Formación e investigación en apoyo vital en emergencias y desastres, la actualización de las guías para la enseñanza del apoyo vital pediátrico y neonatal puede contribuir al éxito de la resucitación y sobrevida con calidad.Objetivo: actualizar las guías y estrategia docente para la enseñanza del apoyo vital pediátrico y neonatal.Métodos: se realizó un taller nacional con diez expertos y tres informantes clave, los días 10 y 11 de julio del 2018 en Cienfuegos. Se utilizaron las técnicas de tormenta de ideas y grupo nominal, y se aplicó un cuestionario semiestructurado con revisión documental previa.Desarrollo: se conciliaron los objetivos, aspectos didácticos, estrategia docente, contenidos, alcance y habilidades a desarrollar para la enseñanza del apoyo vital pediátrico y neonatal. Se definió la estructura de un curso prototipo para la enseñanza del tema y las principales consideraciones para su ejecución.Conclusión: las propuestas académicas para el curso Apoyo vital avanzado pediátrico y neonatal permiten el abordaje de la enseñanza en la atención del paciente pediátrico en situaciones de emergencia por el personal médico de asistencia.

Foundation: cardio-respiratory failure in the child is considered a Health problem. The most important determinant for survival is the presence of a trained individual to performer cardio-pulmonary-cerebral resuscitation. In the framework of the project Training and research for life support in Emergencies and disasters, updating guidelines for teaching pediatric and neonatal life support may contribute to resuscitation success and quality survival.Objective: to update the guidelines and strategies for teaching pediatric and neonatal life support.Method: a National Workshop with ten experts and three key informers, during the 10th and 11th of July 2018 in Cienfuegos. Brain storming and nominal group were used as techniques and it was applied a semi-structured questionnaire with previous documentary review.Development: objectives, didactic aspects, teaching strategy, contents, scope, and skills to develop for teaching pediatric and neonatal life support. It was defined the structure a model course for teaching the topic and the main considerations for its execution.Conclusion: academic proposals for the course Advanced pediatric and neonatal life support allow approaching the pediatric patient in emergency situations by the assisting medical personnel.

Guía para la enseñanza del apoyo vital avanzado a la emergencia clínica. Consenso para el proyecto de formación e investigación en apoyo vital. Cienfuegos, 2018 / Guideline for advance life support in clinical emergency. Consensus for the project of training and research for life support. Cienfuegos, 2018

Fundamento: Las emergencias médicas clínicas constituyen un problema de salud a nivel mundial; una de las soluciones para reducir su letalidad es que los profesionales de este campo puedan disponer de los conocimientos básicos y avanzados en su diagnóstico precoz y atención. El proyecto para la formación e investigación en apoyo vital en emergencias y desastres puede ser un marco académico para lograrlo.Objetivo: actualizar para el proyecto, las guías y estrategia docente para la enseñanza del apoyo vital avanzado a las emergencias clínicas.Método: se desarrolló un Taller nacional con 14 expertos, que sesionó los días 10 y 11 de julio del 2018 en Cienfuegos. Se aplicó la técnica de tormenta de ideas y la de grupo nominal, así como el cuestionario semiestructurado y la revisión documental previa.Desarrollo: fueron propuestos, para la enseñanza del apoyo vital avanzado a la emergencia clínica, los objetivos, aspectos didácticos, estrategia docente, contenidos, alcance, habilidades a desarrollar, futuras investigaciones y áreas para la colaboración interinstitucional. Se definió la estructura de un curso prototipo para la enseñanza del tema y las principales consideraciones para su ejecución. Conclusión: las propuestas académicas para el curso Apoyo vital avanzado a la emergencia clínica, permiten el mejor abordaje de la enseñanza del apoyo vital avanzado a las diferentes emergencias clínicas, por profesionales de la salud que se dedican a la atención de pacientes con estas enfermedades.

Foundation: Medical clinical emergencies constitute a Health problem worldwide; one of the solutions for reducing its lethality is that professionals of this field know the basics and advanced elements for its early diagnosis and care. The project for training and research in life support in emergencies and disasters may be an academic framework to achieve it.Objective: to update for the Project, the guidelines and teaching strategies for training advanced life support to clinical emergencies.Method: a workshop was developed with 14 experts, which was hold during the days 10th and 11th 2018 in Cienfuegos. The techniques of brain storming and nominal group were applied, so as the semi structured questionnaire.Development: the objectives, teaching aspects, contents, scope, skills to be developed, future research and areas of institutional collaboration were proposed. It was defined the structure for a model course for teaching the topic and the main elements for its execution.Conclusion: academic proposals for the course advanced life support allow a better approach for teaching advanced life support to different clinical emergencies, for health professionals who are in charge of caring to patients with these diseases.

Publicaciones cubanas sobre reanimación cardiopulmocerebral: una aproximación bibliométrica. 1998 - 2018 / Cuban publications about cardio-pulmonary-cerebral resuscitation: a bibliometric approach from 1998 to 2018

Introducción: A lo largo de los años se han realizado múltiples investigaciones sobre reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP); aparecen nuevas evidencias y se publican regularmente artículos científicos que muestran su desarrollo. Objetivo: Caracterizar las publicaciones científicas sobre RCP en Cuba. Métodos: Estudio bibliométrico descriptivo, retrospectivo, realizado entre enero de 1998 y noviembre de 2018. Se revisaron todas las publicaciones cubanas en las revistas médicas indexadas en el Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo). No se incluyeron editoriales ni cartas al editor. Se diseñó una ficha de registro en Microsoft Office Excel 2010, en la cual se organizó la información de los artículos para su identificación, conteo y análisis de los indicadores bibliométricos. Resultados: De los 83 artículos indexados en Scielo, solo 24 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión; existió un predominio de los artículos originales con 58,3 %, seguido de las revisiones. En cuanto al número de autores por artículo, la categoría de 3 a 6 autores fue la más frecuente. El año de mayor publicación fue 2017, con 5 artículos. Conclusiones: La producción científica relacionada con la reanimación cardiopulmocerebral ha sido inestable y pobre. Los periodos de mayor productividad científica fueron durante los años 2003 y 2017. Se muestra un predominio de los artículos originales seguidos por las revisiones.

Introduction: multiple researches have been developed along the years about cardio-pulmonary (CPR); new evidences appear and scientific articles are published regularly which show its development. Objective: to characterize scientific publications about CPR in Cuba. Methods: descriptive bibliometric, retrospective study done from January 1998 to November 2018. All Cuban publications indexed to Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo) were reviewed. Editorials and letters to the editor were not included. It was designed a registration folder in Microsoft Office Excel 2010, in which the information about the articles was organized for their identification, counting and analysis of the bibliometric indicators. Results: from the 83 articles indexed in Scielo, only 24 had the requirements to be included, there was predominance of original articles with 58, 3%, followed by reviews. Regarding the number of authors per article the category 3 to 6 authors was the most frequent, with 5 articles. Conclusion: scientific production related to cardio-pulmonary-cerebral resuscitation has been unstable and poor. The periods of greater scientific production were 2003 and 2017. There is a predominance of original articles followed by reviews.

Nivel de conocimiento sobre soporte vital básico del personal no médico de una institución de salud, Pasto- Colombia, 2017 / Level of knowledge about basic life support of non-medical workers of a health institution at Pasto city- Colombia, 2017

Objetivo: el objetivo de la presente investigación es describir el nivel de conocimiento acerca de soporte vital básico, del personal asistencial no médico del servicio de urgencias de una institución de salud, en la ciudad de Pasto-Colombia,en el año 2017. La parada cardiorrespiratoria corresponde a la interrupción brusca, inesperada y potencialmente reversible de la respiración y la actividad mecánica cardíaca; que requiere de la implementación de medidas de reanimación,cuyo éxito depende del nivel conocimiento y habilidades del personal que la lleva a cabo Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. El nivel de conocimiento se determinó mediante un cuestionario diseñado para tal fin. Resultados: se reclutaron en total 58 participantes. En 39,65% de los casos el nivel de conocimiento fue aceptable, mientas que se consideró adecuado en un 41,37% de los casos. Los puntajes fueron más altos en el grupo con capacitación en soporte vital básico o avanzado en los dos años previos. Conclusiones: la capacitación continua en soporte vital, representa una estrategia que conlleva a la obtención de mejores niveles de conocimiento en reanimación cardiopulmonar que, posiblemente impacten, en los desenlaces del paro cardíaco intrahospitalario..(AU)

Objective: the aim of the present investigation is to describe the level of knowledge of non-medical workers of the emergency service of a health institution at city of Pasto-Colombia in 2017. Cardiorespiratory arrest is the abrupt, unexpected and potentially reversible interruption of respiration and the mechanical activity of the heart; which requires the implementation of resuscitation measures, whose success depends on the level of knowledge and skill level of the staff that carries it out. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional study was permormed. The level of knowledge was determined through a questionnaire designed for that purpose. Results: a total of 58 participants were recruited. In 39.65% of cases, the level of knowledge was acceptable, while it was considered adequate in 41.37% of the cases. Scores were higher in the group with basic or advanced life support training in the previous two years. Conclusions: continuous training in life support represents a strategy that leads to obtaining better levels of knowledge in cardiopulmonary resuscitation that, possibly, impacts the outcomes of in-hospital cardiac arrest..(AU)

Impact of training in Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) in the professional career and work environment / Impacto da capacitação no Suporte Avançado à Vida em Cardiologia (SAVC) na carreira profissional e no ambiente de trabalho

Abstract We sought to evaluate the impact of Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) training in the professional career and work environment of physicians who took the course in a single center certified by the American Heart Association (AHA). Of the 4631 students (since 1999 to 2009), 2776 were located, 657 letters were returned, with 388 excluded from the analysis for being returned lacking addressees. The final study population was composed of 269 participants allocated in 3 groups (< 3 years, 3-5 and > 5years). Longer training was associated with older age, male gender, having undergone residency training, private office, greater earnings and longer time since graduation and a lower chance to participate in providing care for a cardiac arrest. Regarding personal change, no modification was detected according to time since taking the course. The only change in the work environment was the purchase of an automated external defibrillator (AED) by those who had taken the course more than 5 years ago. In multivariable analysis, however, the implementation of an AED was not independently associated with this group, which showed a lower chance to take a new ACLS course. ACLS courses should emphasize also how physicians could reinforce the survival chain through environmental changes.

Resumo Buscou-se avaliar o impacto do curso de Suporte Avançado a Vida em Cardiologia (SAVC) na carreira e no ambiente profissional de médicos formados em um centro de treinameto certificado pela American Heart Association (AHA). De 4631 estudantes (desde 1999 até 2009), 2776 foram encontrados, 657 cartas retornaram, sendo 388 excluidas da análise devido à não localização do endereço. A população final estudada foi composta por 269 participantes alocados em 3 grupos (< 3 anos, 3-5 anos e > 5 anos). Tempo maior de treinamento foi associado a sexo masculino, ter feito residência médica, de idade maior, melhores salários e mais tempo de formação, também menor chance de participar de um atendimento de parada cardíaca. No quesito mudança pessoal, nenhuma modificação foi detectada independentemente do tempo de curso. A única mudança no local de trabalho foi a implantação do desfibrilador externo automático (DEA) por aqueles que terminaram o curso há mais de 5 anos. Na análise multivariada, entretanto, a implementação de DEA não foi associada independentemente nesse grupo, que mostrou menor chance de repetir o curso. Os cursos SAVC deveriam enfatizar a forma como os médicos poderiam reforçar as mudanças no trabalho, melhorando a cadeia de sobrevida.

The status of advanced cardiac life support performance by resident belonging to other department except for department of emergency medicine in in-hospital cardiac arrest

OBJECTIVE: This paper reports the status of the advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) according to the guidelines by residents belonging to other departments other than the department of emergency medicine. The differences in status between the junior group and senior group was also investigated according to grades of residents. METHODS: The ACLS performance for in-hospital cardiac arrest cases of one academic hospital, except for the cases occurring in intensive care unit between November 2015 and October 2017, were analyzed retrospectively. Data included the characteristics of residents, patients' outcomes, ACLS performance, and conventional treatment having discordance with the ACLS guidelines. Leaders during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) were divided into a junior group and senior group. RESULTS: A total of 152 cases were enrolled in this study. Of these, 131 cases (86.2%) showed at least one treatment with inconsistency from the guidelines and the incidence of discordant treatment was similar in the two groups (55 [85.9%] vs. 76 [88.4%], P=0.657). Implicit use of sodium bicarbonate was more frequent in the senior residents group (odds ratio [OR], 3.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.36–6.81). On the other hand, no use of a defibrillator was less frequent in the senior residents group (OR, 0.14; 95% CI, 0.03–0.81). CONCLUSION: In both groups, the rate of discordance with the ACLS guidelines during CPR were high. The rate of implicit use of sodium bicarbonate and no use of defibrillator were significantly different in the two groups. A customized education strategy for ACLS is needed for each group.

Time Interval from Intubation to Return of Spontaneous Circulation in Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest Patient with Brain Hemorrhage

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to investigate the relationship of time interval from intubation to return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients according to the presence or absence of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). METHODS: This retrospective study used data from a prospectively collected OHCA registry for patients treated from January 2008 to December 2016. Non-traumatic adult OHCA patients who underwent brain computed tomography were included, while patients who achieved a prehospital ROSC or required advanced airway management were excluded. Utstein variables, initial blood gas analysis, electrolyte levels, and the time interval from intubation to ROSC were used to compare the ICH and non-ICH groups. RESULTS: A total of 448 patients were analyzed. The ICH group was younger and had more females than the non-ICH group. The time interval from intubation to ROSC was significantly shorter in the ICH group than the non-ICH group. The median time and interquartile range were 3 (2 to 7) minutes in the ICH group and 6 (3 to 10) minutes in the non-ICH group. The patient age, gender, potassium level, and time interval from intubation to ROSC were significant variables in the multivariable analysis. In a multivariable logistic regression model that included these variables, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.838. CONCLUSION: OHCA patients with ICH achieve ROSC after intubation in a shorter amount of time than those without ICH.

Advanced Cardiac Life Support: 2016 Singapore Guidelines

The main areas of emphasis in the Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) guidelines are: early recognition of cardiac arrest and call for help; good-quality chest compressions; early defibrillation when applicable; early administration of drugs; appropriate airway management ensuring normoventilation; and delivery of appropriate post-resuscitation care to enhance survival. Of note, it is important to monitor the quality of the various care procedures. The resuscitation team needs to reduce unnecessary interruptions to chest compressions in order to maintain adequate coronary perfusion pressure during the ACLS drill. In addition, the team needs to continually look out for reversible causes of the cardiac arrest.

Is current training in basic and advanced cardiac life support (BLS & ACLS) effective? A study of BLS &ACLS knowledge amongst healthcare professionals of North-Kerala / 世界急诊医学杂志（英文）

@#BACKGROUND: Healthcare professionals are expected to have knowledge of current basic and advanced cardiac life support (BLS/ACLS) guidelines to revive unresponsive patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the current practices and knowledge of BLS/ACLS principles among healthcare professionals of North-Kerala using pretested self-administered structured questionnaire. Answers were validated in accordance with American Heart Association's BLS/ACLS teaching manual and the results were analysed. RESULTS: Among 461 healthcare professionals, 141 (30.6％) were practicing physicians, 268 (58.1％) were nurses and 52 (11.3％) supporting staff. The maximum achievable score was 20 (BLS 15/ ACLS 5). The mean score amongst all healthcare professionals was 8.9±4.7. The mean score among physicians, nurses and support staff were 8.6±3.4, 9±3.6 and 9±3.3 respectively. The majority of healthcare professionals scored ≤50％ (237, 51.4％); 204 (44.3％) scored 51％–80％ and 20 (4.34％) scored >80％. Mean scores decreased with age, male sex and across occupation. Nurses who underwent BLS/ACLS training previously had significantly higher mean scores (10.2±3.4) than untrained (8.2±3.6, P=0.001). Physicians with <5 years experience (P=0.002) and nurses in the private sector (P=0.003) had significantly higher scores. One hundred and sixty three (35.3％) healthcare professionals knew the correct airway opening manoeuvres like head tilt, chin lift and jaw thrust. Only 54 (11.7％) respondents were aware that atropine is not used in ACLS for cardiac arrest resuscitation and 79 (17.1％) correctly opted ventricular fibril ation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia as shockable rhythms. The majority of healthcare professionals (356, 77.2％) suggested that BLS/ACLS be included in academic curriculum. CONCLUSION: Inadequate knowledge of BLS/ACLS principles amongst healthcare professionals, especially physicians, illuminate lacunae in existing training systems and merit urgent redressal.

Training a Chest Compression of 6-7 cm Depth for High Quality Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Hospital Setting: A Randomised Controlled Trial

PURPOSE: During cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), chest compression (CC) depth is influenced by the surface on which the patient is placed. We hypothesized that training healthcare providers to perform a CC depth of 6-7 cm (instead of 5-6 cm) on a manikin placed on a mattress during CPR in the hospital might improve their proper CC depth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective randomised controlled study involved 66 premedical students without CPR training. The control group was trained to use a CC depth of 5-6 cm (G 5-6), while the experimental group was taught to use a CC depth of 6-7 cm (G 6-7) with a manikin on the floor. All participants performed CCs for 2 min on a manikin that was placed on a bed 1 hour and then again 4 weeks after the training without a feedback. The parameters of CC quality (depth, rate, % of accurate depth) were assessed and compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS: Four students were excluded due to loss to follow-up and recording errors, and data of 62 were analysed. CC depth and % of accurate depth were significantly higher among students in the G 6-7 than G 5-6 both 1 hour and 4 weeks after the training (p0.05). CONCLUSION: Training healthcare providers to perform a CC depth of 6-7 cm could improve quality CC depth when performing CCs on patients who are placed on a mattress during CPR in a hospital setting.

Pediatric advanced life support and sedation of pediatric dental patients

Programs provided by the Korea Association of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation include Basic Life Support (BLS), Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS), Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS), and Korean Advanced Life Support (KALS). However, programs pertinent to dental care are lacking. Since 2015, related organizations have been attempting to develop a Dental Advanced Life Support (DALS) program, which can meet the needs of the dental environment. Generally, for initial management of emergency situations, basic life support is most important. However, emergencies in young children mostly involve breathing. Therefore, physicians who treat pediatric dental patients should learn PALS. It is necessary for the physician to regularly renew training every two years to be able to immediately implement professional skills in emergency situations. In order to manage emergency situations in the pediatric dental clinic, respiratory support is most important. Therefore, mastering professional PALS, which includes respiratory care and core cases, particularly upper airway obstruction and respiratory depression caused by a respiratory control problem, would be highly desirable for a physician who treats pediatric dental patients. Regular training and renewal training every two years is absolutely necessary to be able to immediately implement professional skills in emergency situations.

Flipping the advanced cardiac life support classroom with team-based learning: comparison of cognitive testing performance for medical students at the University of California, Irvine, United State / 보건의료교육평가

PURPOSE: It aimed to find if written test results improved for advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) taught in flipped classroom/team-based Learning (FC/TBL) vs. lecture-based (LB) control in University of California-Irvine School of Medicine, USA. METHODS: Medical students took 2010 ACLS with FC/TBL (2015), compared to 3 classes in LB (2012-14) format. There were 27.5 hours of instruction for FC/TBL model (TBL 10.5, podcasts 9, small-group simulation 8 hours), and 20 (12 lecture, simulation 8 hours) in LB. TBL covered 13 cardiac cases; LB had none. Seven simulation cases and didactic content were the same by lecture (2012-14) or podcast (2015) as was testing: 50 multiple-choice questions (MCQ), 20 rhythm matchings, and 7 fill-in clinical cases. RESULTS: 354 students took the course (259 [73.1%] in LB in 2012-14, and 95 [26.9%] in FC/TBL in 2015). Two of 3 tests (MCQ and fill-in) improved for FC/TBL. Overall, median scores increased from 93.5% (IQR 90.6, 95.4) to 95.1% (92.8, 96.7, P=0.0001). For the fill-in test: 94.1% for LB (89.6, 97.2) to 96.6% for FC/TBL (92.4, 99.20 P=0.0001). For MC: 88% for LB (84, 92) to 90% for FC/TBL (86, 94, P=0.0002). For the rhythm test: median 100% for both formats. More students failed 1 of 3 tests with LB vs. FC/TBL (24.7% vs. 14.7%), and 2 or 3 components (8.1% vs. 3.2%, P=0.006). Conversely, 82.1% passed all 3 with FC/TBL vs. 67.2% with LB (difference 14.9%, 95% CI 4.8-24.0%). CONCLUSION: A FC/TBL format for ACLS marginally improved written test results.

Vasopresores en resucitación cardiopulmonar: la controversia continúa / Vasopressors for cardiopulmonary resuscitation

The Advanced Cardiac Life Support proposes the use of vasopressor drugs cardiopulmonary resuscitation, with the primary purpose of effectively and early restoration of spontaneous circulation. However, the increased return of spontaneous circulation with vasopressors has not improved neurological outcome at hospital discharge. Adrenaline has traditionally been the main tool of the cardiopulmonary resuscitation guidelines despite the lack of conclusive scientific evidence. Therefore other alternatives were considered at experimental level that has have failed to overcome the clinical results of this drug. In contrast to progress on the standardized management of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, the controversy regarding the effectiveness of vasopressor therapy remains open in the last years due to lack of clinical data to support their usefulness.

El soporte vital avanzado propone el uso de vasopresores durante la resucitación cardiopulmonar, con la finalidad primordial de reestablecer de manera precoz y efectiva la circulación espontánea. Sin embargo, el aumento del retorno a la circulación espontánea asociada a los vasopresores no ha demostrado una mejoría en el pronóstico neurológico al alta hospitalaria. La adrenalina, ha sido tradicionalmente la herramienta principal de las guías de resucitación cardiopulmonar pese a la falta de evidencia científica concluyente. Por ello se han planteado otras alternativas a nivel experimental que no han logrado superar los resultados de este fármaco a nivel clínico. En contraste con los avances respecto al manejo estandarizado de la resucitación cardiopulmonar, el debate con respecto a la efectividad de la terapia vasopresora se mantiene abierto en los últimos años dada la falta de datos clínicos que corroboren su real utilidad.

Atuação do Time de Resposta Rápida no processo educativo de atendimento da parada cardiorrespiratória / Performance of the Rapid Response Team in the educational process for cardiopulmonary arrest care

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A criação de Times de Resposta Rápida (TRR) dentro das instituições de saúde tem aumentado paralelamente ao maior interesse na melhoria da qualidade da assistência. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar o conhecimento da equipe multiprofissional (enfermagem e fisioterapia) no reconhecimento e tratamento da parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR) e mostrar um modelo de gestão do time de resposta rápida no processo educacional destes profissionais. MÉTODOS: Aplicou-se um questionário para avaliação do conhecimento do reconhecimento da parada cardiorrespiratória da equipe multiprofissional. Depois foi realizado treinamento pelo Times de Resposta Rápida e feita avaliação após o treinamento. RESULTADOS: No grupo de enfermeiros, a nota média no pré-teste foi de 5,83 ± 1,95 e 8,87 ± 1,25, no pós-teste. Dentre os fisioterapeutas,as notas médias foram 4,02 ± 1,85 e 9,00 ± 1,24, no pré e pós-teste respectivamente. No grupo composto de auxiliares e técnicos de enfermagem, a nota de pré-teste foi de 4,85 ± 1,93 no pré-teste e 7,70 ± 1,72 no pós-teste. CONCLUSÃO:Os resultados mostram deficiência no conhecimento da equipe multiprofissional diante das situações de parada cardiorrespiratória , sendo importante a realização de programas de educação continuada para a equipe.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The creation of Rapid Response Teams (RRT) within the health institutions has been increasing parallel to the increased interest in improving the quality of care. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the knowledge of the multidisciplinary team (nursing and physiotherapy) in the recognition and treatment of cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) and show a model for managing the rapid response team regarding the educational process of these professionals. METHODS: We gave a questionnaire to evaluate the multidisciplinary team knowledge on the recognition of cardiac arrest.After this, Rapid Response Teams was trained, and eventually evaluated. RESULTS: In the group of nurses, the average scorein the pretest was 5.83 ± 1.95 and 8.87 ± 1.25 at posttest. Among the physiotherapists, the average scores were 4.02 ± 1.85 and 9.00 ± 1.24 in pre-and posttest, respectively. In the group of nurse assistants and technicians, the pre-test score was 4.85 ± 1.93 and 7.70 ± 1.72 at posttest. CONCLUSION: There sults of this study show little knowledge of the multidisciplinary team in situations of cardiac arrest, and that it is important to conduct continuing education programs for the team.

Analysis of an Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support Provider Course in Korea

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to provide direction to improvement of advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS) training in Korea. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of the questionnaire written by 55 instructors of the 31 institutions registered in the Korean Association of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (KACPR) from 2009 and 2010. The contents of the questionnaire consisted of an evaluation of the ACLS curriculum, modification of the ACLS curriculum, problems of ACLS training, and other open-ended answers. RESULTS: In this questionnaire, the result for assessment of the lecture on acute coronary syndrome was intermediate, that answer was given by the majority, 40.0%. The result for assessment of the lecture on stroke was intermediate, that answer was given by the majority, 40.0%. In addition, the result for the necessity of the lecture on acute coronary syndrome was intermediate, 25.5%, which was the most common response. The result for the necessity of the lecture on stroke was intermediate, 27.3%, which was the most common response. In the ACLS curriculum, 14.5% of respondents responded that simulation curriculum should be strengthened; 20.0% of participants responded that training on equipment and medical technique should be enhanced. CONCLUSION: Lecture without practice should be avoided and simulation-oriented education should be strengthened in the ACLS course.